Plant Protect. Sci., 2025, 61(3):201-221 | DOI: 10.17221/51/2025-PPS

The role of seed transmission in the spread of cereal viruses: Global challenges and prevalent threats in UkraineReview

Halyna Snihur ORCID...1,2,3, Tetiana Shevchenko ORCID...1,3, Oleksiy Shevchenko ORCID...1, Anhelina Kyrychenko ORCID...2,3
1 Virology Department, ESC "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
2 Laboratory of Plant viruses, D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
3 Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

The transmission of plant viruses through seed plays a fundamental role in virus spread, persistence, and survival, particularly in economically important crops. Besides its considerable ecological significance, seed transmission influences plant and virus evolution. Virus contamination of the seed also has critical epidemiological implications, especially when combined with subsequent or additional insect vector spread. Plants grown from contaminated seeds serve as primary viral inoculum sources, facilitating the introduction of viruses into new regions and triggering disease outbreaks with substantial economic losses for growers. Changes in environmental conditions increasingly influence plant virus epidemiology by affecting vector populations, host susceptibility, and transmission dynamics, thus increasing virus transmission risks in cereal crops. This review explores the mechanisms of seed transmission and its consequences, with a focus on key cereal viruses in Ukraine: barley stripe mosaic virus, wheat streak mosaic virus, High Plains wheat mosaic virus, sugarcane mosaic virus, and maize dwarf mosaic virus. Hereby, the biological properties of these viruses, the risks posed by seed transmission, and the economic impact on crop production are discussed. Given the widespread distribution of these pathogens, presented data will also be valuable for other cereal-growing regions, particularly those bordering Ukraine and engaged in seed import/export. This review underscores the global need to manage seed-transmitted viruses to safeguard cereal crop productivity and food security. Future research should focus on developing resistant cultivars and advanced diagnostics to control their spread.

Keywords: seed-borne viruses; insect vectors; epidemiology; climate change; economic impact

Received: March 29, 2025; Revised: May 14, 2025; Accepted: May 26, 2025; Prepublished online: July 8, 2025; Published: July 20, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Snihur H, Shevchenko T, Shevchenko O, Kyrychenko A. The role of seed transmission in the spread of cereal viruses: Global challenges and prevalent threats in Ukraine. Plant Protect. Sci. 2025;61(3):201-221. doi: 10.17221/51/2025-PPS.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Achon M.A. (1999): Incidence of maize dwarf mosaic virus and sugarcane mosaic virus in northeast of Spain. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 106: 539-544.
    2. Achon M.A., Alonso-Duenas N. (2009): Impacts of 9 years of Bt-maize cultivation on the distribution of maize viruses. Transgenic Research, 18: 387-397. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Achon M.A., Sobrepere M. (2001): Incidence of potyviruses in commercial maize fields and their seasonal cycles in Spain. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 108: 399-406.
    4. Alabi O. (2022): Sugarcane mosaic virus (sugarcane mosaic) [Datasheet]. In: CABI Compendium, Wallingford. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1079/cpc.49801.20210102676 (accessed Feb 13, 2025). Go to original source...
    5. Albrechtsen S.E. (2006): Testing Methods for Seed-Transmitted Viruses: Principles and Protocols. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. Go to original source...
    6. Alemandri V., Mattio M., Rodriguez S., Truol G. (2017): Geographical distribution and first molecular detection of an Emaravirus, High Plains wheat mosaic virus, in Argentina. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 149: 743-750. Go to original source...
    7. Ali A., Kobayashi M. (2010). Seed transmission of cucumber mosaic virus in pepper. Journal of Virological Methods, 163: 234-237. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Aveling T.A.S. (2014): Global standards in seed health testing. In: Gullino M.L., Munkvold G. (eds): Global Perspectives on the Health of Seeds and Plant Propagation Material. Springer, Dordrecht: 17-28. Go to original source...
    9. Berger P., Toler R., Harris K. (1983): Evidence for 2 modes of retention of maize dwarf mosaic virus by Schizaphis graminum. Phytopathology, 73: 787.
    10. Bernardo P., Barriball K., Frey T.S., Meulia T., Wangai A., Suresh L.M., Heuchelin S., Paul P.A., et al. (2023): Transmission, localisation, and infectivity of seedborne maize chlorotic mottle virus. PLoS One, 18: e0281484. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Blunt T.D., Hill J.P. (2004): Increased incidence of seed transmission of high plains virus disease in sweet corn (Abstract). Phytopathology, 94: S8.
    12. Bowers G.R., Goodman R.M. (1982): New sources of resistance to seed transmission of soybean mosaic virus in soybeans. Crop Science, 22: 155-156. Go to original source...
    13. Bragard C., Baptista P., Chatzivassiliou E., Di Serio F., Gonthier P., Miret J.A., Justesen A.F., MacLeod A., et al. (2022): Pest categorisation of high plains wheat mosaic virus. EFSA Journal, 20: 7302. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Braidwood L., Müller S.Y., Baulcombe D. (2019): Extensive recombination challenges the utility of sugarcane mosaic virus phylogeny and strain typing. Scientific Reports, 9: 20067. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Brlansky R.H., Carroll T.W., Zaske S.K. (1986): Some ultrastructural aspects of the pollen transmission of barley stripe mosaic virus in barley. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64: 853-858. Go to original source...
    16. Burrows M., Franc G., Rush C., Blunt T., Ito D., Kinzer K., Olson J., O'Mara J., et al. (2009): Occurrence of viruses in wheat in the Great Plains region, 2008. Plant Health Progress, 10: 14. Go to original source...
    17. Byamukama E. (2022): Wheat streak mosaic virus (wheat streak) [Datasheet]. In: CABI Compendium. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.56858 (accessed Feb 13, 2025). Go to original source...
    18. Carroll T.W. (1979): Inheritance of resistance to seed transmission of barley stripe mosaic virus in barley. Phytopathology, 69: 431. Go to original source...
    19. Carroll T.W. (1980): Barley stripe mosaic virus: its economic importance and control in Montana. Plant Disease, 64: 136-140. Go to original source...
    20. Chauhan R.A. (1985): Study of Filamentous Viruses in Maize and Smallgrains. [Master's Thesis.] Cape Town, University of Cape Town.
    21. Christian M.L., Willis W.G. (1993): survival of wheat streak mosaic virus in grass hosts in Kansas from wheat harvest to fall wheat emergence. Plant Disease, 77: 239. Go to original source...
    22. Cobos A., Montes N., López-Herranz M., Gil-Valle M., Pagán I. (2019): Within-host multiplication and speed of colonisation as infection traits associated with plant virus vertical transmission. Journal of Virology, 93: e01078-19. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Coutts B.A., Cox B.A., Thomas G.J., Jones R.A.C. (2014a): First report of Wheat mosaic virus infecting wheat in Western Australia. Plant Disease, 98: 285. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Coutts B.A., Banovic M., Kehoe M.A., Severtson D.L., Jones R.A.C. (2014b): Epidemiology of wheat streak mosaic virus in wheat in a Mediterranean-type environment. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 140: 797-813. Go to original source...
    25. Daugrois J., Roumagnac P., Julian C., Filloux D., Putra L., Mollov D., Rott P. (2023): Historical review of sugarcane streak mosaic virus that has recently emerged in Africa. Phytopathology, 114: 668-680. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Davino S., Caruso A.G., Bertacca S., Barone S., Panno S. (2020): Tomato brown rugose fruit virus: seed transmission rate and efficacy of different seed disinfection treatments. Plants, 9: 1615. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. De Assis Filho F.M., Sherwood J.L. (2000): Evaluation of seed transmission of turnip yellow mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytopathology, 90: 1233-1238. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Dombrovsky A., Smith E. (2017): Seed transmission of tobamoviruses: aspects of global disease distribution. In: Jimenez-Lopez J.C. (ed.): Advances in Seed Biology. IntechOpen, London: 234-260. Go to original source...
    29. Domier L.L., Hobbs H.A., McCoppin N.K., Bowen C.R., Steinlage T.A., Chang S., Wang Y., Hartman G.L. (2011): Multiple loci condition seed transmission of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and SMV-induced seed coat mottling in soybean. Phytopathology, 101: 750-756. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Dussle C.M., Quint M., Xu M.L., Melchinger A.E., Lübberstedt T. (2002): Conversion of AFLP fragments tightly linked to SCMV resistance genes Scmv1 and Scmv2 into simple PCR-based markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 105: 1190-1195. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Edwards M.C. (1995): Mapping of the seed transmission determinants of barley stripe mosaic virus. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8: 906-915. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. EPPO Global Database (2025a): Hordeivirus hordei (BSMV00) [Host plants]. Available at: https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BSMV00/hosts (accessed Feb 13, 2025).
    33. EPPO Global Database (2025b): Potyvirus sacchari (SCMV00) [Host plants]. Available at: https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SCMV00 (accessed Feb 13, 2025).
    34. EPPO Phytosanitary Procedure PM 3/34(1) (1991): Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus. Inspection and test methods for barley seeds. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 21: 257-259. Available at: http://www.eppo.org/STANDARDS/standards.htm (accessed Mar 12, 2025). Go to original source...
    35. Escalante C., Sanz-Saez A., Jacobson A., Otulak-Kozieł K., Kozieł E., Balkcom K.S., Zhao C., Conner K. (2024): Plant virus transmission during seed development and implications to plant defense system. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15: 1385456. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Fedorenko V., Pylypenko L. (2012): Quarantine and invasive species in Ukraine. Progress in Plant Protection, 52: 1156-1164.
    37. Fetters A.M., Ashman T.L. (2023): The pollen virome: a review of pollen-associated viruses and consequences for plants and their interactions with pollinators. American Journal of Botany, 110: e16144. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Fortes I.M., Pérez-Padilla V., Romero-Rodríguez B., Fernández-Muñoz R., Moyano C., Castillo A.G., De León L., Moriones E. (2023): Begomovirus tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is seedborne but not seed transmitted in melon. Plant Disease, 107: 473-479. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Foster R.L., Seifers D.L., Strausbaugh C.A., Jensen S.G., Ball E.M., Harvey T.L. (2001): Seed transmission of the high plains virus in sweet corn. Plant Disease, 85: 696-699. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. French R., Stenger C.S. (2004): Wheat streak mosaic. In: Lapierre H., Signoret P.A. (eds): Viruses and Virus Diseases of Poaceae (Gramineae). INRA, Paris: 602-604.
    41. Gautam S., Chinnaiah S., Herron B., Workneh F., Rush C.M., Gadhave K.R. (2023): Seed transmission of wheat streak mosaic virus and triticum mosaic virus in differentially resistant wheat cultivars. Viruses, 15: 1774. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Gomathi Devi R., Jothika C., Sankari A., Lakshmi S., Malathi V.G., Renukadevi P. (2023): Seed transmission of begomoviruses: A potential threat for bitter gourd cultivation. Plants, 12: 1396. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Gordon D.T., Bradfute O.E., Gingery R.E., Knoke J.K., Louie R., Nault L.R., Scott G.E. (1981): Introduction: History, geographical distribution, pathogen characteristics, and economic importance. In: Gordon D.T., Knoke J.K., Scott G.E. (eds): Viruses and Viruslike Diseases of Maize in the United States. Ohio State University, Wooster: 1-12.
    44. Gutiérrez-Sánchez Á., Cobos A., López-Herranz M., Canto T., Pagán I. (2023): Environmental conditions modulate plant virus vertical transmission and survival of infected seeds. Phytopathology, 113: 1773-1787. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Haji V.J., Abduljalil Z.A., Kassim N.A. (2022): Maize dwarf mosaic virus: A new causal agent inducing disease in rice plants of the fields of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Tropical Plant Pathology, 47: 718-726. Go to original source...
    46. Hamelin F.M., Allen L.J.S., Prendeville H.R., Hajimorad M.R., Jeger M.J. (2016): The evolution of plant virus transmission pathways. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 396: 75-89. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Harsányi A., Böddi B., Bóka K., Almási A., Gáborjányi R. (2002): Abnormal etioplast development in barley seedlings infected with BSMV by seed transmission. Physiologia Plantarum, 114: 149-155. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Hasan N., Pushpalatha R., Manivasagam V.S., Arlikatti S. (2025): Wheat streak mosaic virus: transmission, its impact, and crop protection strategies - a systematic review. Journal of Plant Disease and Protection, 132: 8. Go to original source...
    49. Hein G.L., French R., Siriwetwiwat B., Amrine J.W. (2012): Genetic characterization of North American populations of wheat curl mite and dry bulb mite. Journal of Economic Entomology, 105: 1801-1808. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Hill J.H., Martinson C.A., Russell W.A. (1974): Seed transmission of maize dwarf mosaic virus and wheat streak mosaic virus in maize and response of inbred lines. Crop Science, 14: 232-235. Go to original source...
    51. Holkar S.K., Sandra N., Jain R.K. (2020): Genetic diversity, transmission and understanding of seed-borne viruses and phytoplasma. In: Kumar R., Gupta A. (eds): Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management. Springer, Singapore: 234-260. Go to original source...
    52. Hull R. (2014): Plant Virology. Academic Press, London.
    53. Inoue-Nagata A.K., Jordan R., Kreuze J., Li F., López-Moya J.J., Mäkinen K., Ohshima K., Wylie S.J. (2022): Ictv report consortium. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Potyviridae. Journal of General Virology, 103: 001738. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2015): 2015.018aP.A.v3.Emaravirus sp. ICTV Master Species List 2015, v1-v1. Available at: https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/master-species-lists/m/msl/5945 (accessed March 29, 2025).
    55. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2023): Classification system: ICTV (2023 Release, MSL#39). Available at: https://ictv.global/taxonomy (accessed March 29, 2025).
    56. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2023): Classification system: ICTV (2023 Release, MSL#39). Available at: https://ictv.global/taxonomy (accessed March 29, 2025).
    57. Isabirye B.E., Rwomushana I. (2016): Current and future potential distribution of maize chlorotic mottle virus and risk of maize lethal necrosis disease in Africa. Journal of Crop Protection, 5: 215-228. Go to original source...
    58. Jackson A.O., Lim H.S., Bragg J., Ganesan U., Lee M.Y. (2009): Hordeivirus replication, movement, and pathogenesis. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 47: 385-422. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Jensen S.G., Wysong D.S., Ball E.M., Higley P.M. (1991): Seed transmission of maize chlorotic mottle virus. Plant Disease, 75: 497-498. Go to original source...
    60. Jensen S.G., Lane L.C., Seifers D.L. (1996): A new disease of maize and wheat in the high plains. Plant Disease, 80: 1387-1390. Go to original source...
    61. Jeżewska M., Trzmiel K. (2009): Impact of seed-transmitted viruses on quality of cereal seeds. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 49: 460-464. Go to original source...
    62. Jezewska M. (2022): Barley stripe mosaic virus (stripe mosaic of barley) [Dataset]. In: CABI Compendium. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.10529 (accessed Feb 13, 2025). Go to original source...
    63. Jiang Z., Yang M., Zhang Y., Jackson A.O., Li D. (2021): Hordeiviruses (Virgaviridae). In: Bamford D.H., Zuckerman M. (eds): Encyclopedia of Virology. Academic Press, Cambridge: 420-429. Go to original source...
    64. Johansen E., Edwards M.C., Hampton R.O. (1994): Seed transmission of viruses: current perspectives. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 32: 363-386. Go to original source...
    65. Johansen I.E., Dougherty W.G., Keller K.E., Wang D., Hampton R.O. (1996): Multiple viral determinants affect seed transmission of pea seedborne mosaic virus in Pisum sativum. Journal of General Virology, 77: 3149-3154. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Jones M.W., Boyd E.C., Redinbaugh M.G. (2011): Responses of maize (Zea mays L.) near-isogenic lines carrying Wsm1, Wsm2, and Wsm3 to three viruses in the Potyviridae. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 123: 729-740. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    67. Jones M.W., Ohlson E.W. (2024): Susceptibility and yield response of commercial corn hybrids to maize dwarf mosaic disease. Plant Disease, 108: 1786-1792. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    68. Jones R.A.C, Coutts B.A., Mackie A.E., Dwyer G.I. (2005): Seed transmission of wheat streak mosaic virus shown unequivocally in wheat. Plant Disease, 89: 1048-1050. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    69. Jones R.A.C., Sharman M., Trębicki P., Maina S., Congdon B.S. (2021): Virus diseases of cereal and oilseed crops in Australia: current position and future challenges. Viruses, 13: 2051. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    70. Kannan M., Ismail I., Bunawan H. (2018): Maize dwarf mosaic virus: from genome to disease management. Viruses, 10: 492. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    71. Kaur S.I., Kashyap P.L., Kang S.S., Sharma A. (2020): Detection and diagnosis of seed-borne viruses and virus-like pathogens. In: Kumar R., Gupta A. (eds): Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management. Springer, Singapore: 169-199. Go to original source...
    72. Kimani E.N., Kiarie S.M., Micheni C., Muriki L.G., Miano D.W., Macharia I., Munkvold G.P., Muiru W.M., et al. (2021): Maize seed contamination and seed transmission of maize chlorotic mottle virus in Kenya. Plant Health Progress, 22: 496-502. Go to original source...
    73. Knoke J.K., Louie R. (1981): Epiphytology of maize virus diseases. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, 247: 92-102.
    74. Krishna G.V., Kumar V.M., Varma P.K., Bhavani B., Kumar G.V. (2023): Identification of resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus, sugarcane streak mosaic virus, and sugarcane bacilliform virus in new elite sugarcane accessions in India. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14. Go to original source...
    75. Kuhn J.H., Abe J., Adkins S., Alkhovsky S.V., Avąič-®upanc T., Ayllón M.A., Bahl J., Balkema-Buschmann A., et al. (2023): Annual taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota). Journal of General Virology, 104: 001864. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Kyrychenko A., Hrynchuk K., Antipov I., Likhanov A. (2020): Bean common mosaic virus transmission by bean seed cv. Chervona Shapochka. In: Tiwari A.K. (ed.): Advances in Seed Production and Management. Springer, Singapore: 587-597. Go to original source...
    77. Kyrychenko A., Bohdan M., Snihur H., Shcherbatenko I. (2023): Weeds as reservoirs of viruses in agrobiocenoses of cereal crops in Ukraine. Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal, 84: 72-86. Go to original source...
    78. Lawrence D.M., Jackson A.O. (1999): Hordeiviruses. In: Granoff A., Webster R.G. (eds): Encyclopedia of Virology. Academic Press, San Diego: 749-753. Go to original source...
    79. Li L., Wang X., Zhou G. (2007): Analyses of maize embryo invasion by sugarcane mosaic virus. Plant Science, 172: 131-138. Go to original source...
    80. Li L., Wang X., Zhou G. (2011): Effects of seed quality on the proportion of seed transmission for Sugarcane mosaic virus in maize. Cereal Research Communications, 39: 257-266. Go to original source...
    81. Liu Q., Hobbs H.A., Domier L.L. (2019): Genome-wide association study of the seed transmission rate of soybean mosaic virus and associated traits using two diverse population panels. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 132: 3413-3424. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. Liu S., Ding S.W. (2024): Antiviral RNA interference inhibits virus vertical transmission in plants. Cell Host & Microbe, 32: 1691-1704.e4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    83. Louie R., Seifers D.L., Bradfute O.E. (2006): Isolation, transmission, and purification of the high plains virus. Journal of Virological Methods, 135: 214-222. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    84. Lu G., Wang Z., Xu F., Pan Y.B., Grisham M.P., Xu L. (2021): Sugarcane mosaic disease: characteristics, identification, and control. Microorganisms, 9: 1984. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Luo L., Chang Q., Wang Q., Huang Y. (2021): Identification and severity monitoring of maize dwarf mosaic virus infection based on hyperspectral measurements. Remote Sensing, 13: 4560. Go to original source...
    86. Mahmood T., Hein G.L., Jenesen S.G. (1998): Mixed infection of hard red winter wheat with high plains virus and wheat streak mosaic virus from wheat curl mites in Nebraska. Plant Disease, 82: 311-315. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    87. Magarey R. (2024): Sugarcane streak mosaic virus. In: CABI International, CABI Compendium, Wallingford. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.118478 (accessed Mar 27, 2025). Go to original source...
    88. Mandahar C.L. (1981): Virus transmission through seed and pollen. In: Harris H.F., Maramorsch K. (eds): Plant diseases and vectors: Ecology and epidemiology. Academic Press, New York: 241-292. Go to original source...
    89. Mandahar C.L. (1985): Vertical and horizontal spread of plant viruses through seed and pollen: an epidemiological view. In: Gupta B.M., Singh B.T., Nerma H.N., Srivastava K.M. (eds): Perspectives in Plant Virology. Print House, Lucknow: 23-44.
    90. Maule A.J., Wang D. (1996): Seed transmission of plant viruses: A lesson in biological complexity. Trends in Microbiology, 4: 153-158. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    91. Maury Y., Bossennec J., Boudazin G., Hampton R., Pietersen G., Maguere J. (1987): Factors influencing ELISA evaluation of transmission of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus in infected pea seed: seed-group size and seed decortication. Agronomie, 7: 225-230. Go to original source...
    92. McKelvy U., Brelsford M., Burrows M. (2023): Evaluation of seed transmission rates of wheat streak mosaic virus in mechanically inoculated winter and spring wheat cultivars in Montana. Plant Disease, 107: 3727-3730. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    93. Mickel M.A., D'Arcy C.J., Ford R.E. (1984): Seed transmission of maize dwarf mosaic virus in sweet corn. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 110: 185-191. Go to original source...
    94. Mielke-Ehret N., Mühlbach H.P. (2012): Emaravirus: a novel genus of multipartite, negative-strand RNA plant viruses. Viruses, 4: 1515-1536. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    95. Mink G.I. (1993): Pollen and seed-transmitted viruses and viroids. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 31: 375-402. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    96. Mischenko L.T. (2009): Viral diseases of winter wheat. Fitosociocentr, Kyiv.
    97. Mischenko L.T., Bojko A.L. (2004): Wheat stripe mosaic virus in Ukraine. Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2: 176-180. (in Ukrainian)
    98. Mishchenko L.T., Dunich A.A., Mishchenko I.A., Petrenkova V.P., Mukha T.I. (2018): Monitoring of economically important wheat viruses under weather conditions change in Ukraine and investigation of seed transmission of wheat streak mosaic virus. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24: 660-669.
    99. Mohammadi M.R., Hajieghrari B. (2009): Sugarcane mosaic virus: The causal agent of mosaic disease on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in Tehran province of Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8: 5271-5274.
    100. Montes N., Pagán I. (2019): Light intensity modulates the efficiency of virus seed transmission through modifications of plant tolerance. Plants, 8: 304. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    101. Muhammad K., Herath V., Ahmed K., Tahir M., Verchot J. (2022): Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of sugarcane mosaic virus, comparing whole genome and coat protein sequence phylogenies. Archives of Virology, 167: 2239-2247. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    102. Nischwitz C. (2020): Seed-transmitted wheat mosaic virus in Utah. Plant Health Progress, 21: 212-213. Go to original source...
    103. Nourbakhsh F., Massah A., Soorni A., Talaee L. (2023): First report of high plains wheat mosaic virus in Iran. New Disease Reports, 47: e12188. Go to original source...
    104. Nutter F.W. Jr., Pederson V.D., Timian R.G. (1984): Relationship between seed infection by barley stripe mosaic virus and yield loss. Phytopathology, 74: 363. Go to original source...
    105. Pagán I. (2022): Transmission through seeds: the unknown life of plant viruses. PLoS Pathogens, 18: e1010707. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    106. Parker C. (2022): Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) [Dataset]. In: CABI Compendium, CABI, Wallingford. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.50624 (accessed Feb 1, 2025). Go to original source...
    107. Parry H.R. (2013): Cereal aphid movement: general principles and simulation modelling. Movement Ecology, 1: 14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    108. Pasichnyk L., Shihur H., Shevchenko O.V., Budzanivska I.G. (2020): Wheat Diseases in Agricultural Systems. Publishing House of the University of Opole, Opole.
    109. Patel P., Kumari N., Sharma P.N. (2023): RT-PCR based detection of pepper mild mottle virus from capsicum seeds and seed transmission assay. Virus Disease, 34: 50-55. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    110. Paulsen J.E., Niblett C.L. (1977): Purification and properties of foxtail mosaic virus. Phytopathology, 67: 1346. Go to original source...
    111. Pozhylov I., Snihur H., Shevchenko T., Budzanivska I., Liu W., Wang X., Shevchenko O. (2022): Occurrence and characterisation of wheat streak mosaic virus found in mono- and mixed infection with high plains wheat mosaic virus in winter wheat in Ukraine. Viruses, 14: 1220. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    112. Rai R., Khurana S., Sharma S.K., Baranwal V.K. (2023): Genomic properties of potyviruses and in adaptation to hosts. In: Gaur R.K., Patil B.L., Selvarajan S. (eds): Plant RNA Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego: 3-37. Go to original source...
    113. Rao G.P., Jain R.K., Varma A. (1996): Occurrence of maize dwarf mosaic virus on maize and sudangrass in India. Plant Disease, 80: 711. Go to original source...
    114. Redila C.D., Prakash V., Nouri S. (2021): Metagenomics analysis of the wheat virome identifies novel plant- and fungal-associated viral sequences. Viruses, 13: 2457. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    115. Regassa B. (2021): Maize chlorotic mottle virus: distribution, alternative hosts, transmission mechanisms, and management options. Journal of Biological Agriculture and Health Care, 11: 19-27.
    116. Regassa B., Abraham A., Fininsa C., Wegary D. (2021): Alternate hosts and seed transmission of maize lethal necrosis in Ethiopia. Journal of Phytopathology, 169: 303-315. Go to original source...
    117. Rosenkranz E. (1987): New hosts and taxonomic analysis of the mississippi native species tested for reaction to maize dwarf mosaic and sugarcane mosaic viruses. Phytopathology, 77: 598-607. Go to original source...
    118. Rybicki E.P.A. (2015): Top ten list for economically important plant viruses. Archives of Virology, 160: 17-20. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    119. Sandra N., Mandal B. (2024): Emerging evidence of seed transmission of begomoviruses: implications in global circulation and disease outbreak. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15: 1376284. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    120. Sastry K.S. (2013): Seed-borne plant virus diseases. Springer eBooks. Go to original source...
    121. Sastry K.S., Mandal B., Hammond J., Scott S.W., Briddon R.W. (2019): Hordeum vulgare (Barley). In: Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids. Springer, New Delhi. Go to original source...
    122. Seifers D.L., Harvey T.L., Louie R., Gordon D.T. Martin T.J. (2002): Differential transmission of isolates of the High Plains virus by different sources of wheat curl mites. Plant Disease, 86: 138-142. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    123. Seifers D.L., She Y-M., Harvey T.L., Martin T.J., Haber S., Ens W., Standing K.G., Louie R., et al. (2004): Biological and molecular variability among high plains virus isolates. Plant Disease, 88: 824-829. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    124. Seifers D.L., Martin T.J., Fellers J.P. (2010): An experimental host range for Triticum mosaic virus. Plant Disease, Go to original source...
    125. 94: 1125-1131.
    126. Shanmugam K., Perumal R., Oliva R., Cheng H., Iruthayasamy J., Angappan S., Chandrasekaran I.R., Nallusamy S. (2024): Seed transmission of potyviruses: a threat to crop health. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 52: 13698. Go to original source...
    127. Shepherd R.J., Holdeman Q.L. (1965): Seed transmission of the johnsongrass strain of the sugarcane mosaic virus in corn. Plant Disease Report, 49: 468-469.
    128. Shukla D.D., Frenkel M.J., McKern N.M., Ward C.W., Jilka J., Tosic M., Ford R.E. (1992): Present status of the sugarcane mosaic subgroup of potyviruses. Archives of Virology Supplement, 5: 363-373. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    129. Singh D., Mathur S.B. (2004): Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections. CRC Press, Boca Raton. Go to original source...
    130. Singh K., Wegulo S.N., Skoracka A., Kundu J.K. (2018): Wheat streak mosaic virus: a century-old virus with rising importance worldwide. Molecular Plant Pathology, 19: 2193-2206. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    131. Singh V., Sinha O., Kumar R. (2003): Progressive decline in yield and quality of sugarcane due to sugarcane mosaic virus. Indian Phytopathology, 56: 500-502.
    132. Smith G.R., van de Velde R. (1994): Detection of sugarcane mosaic virus and Fiji disease virus in diseased sugarcane using the polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, Go to original source...
    133. 78: 557-561.
    134. Snihur H., Kharina A., Kaliuzhna M., Chumak V., Budzanivska I. (2021): First report of sugarcane mosaic virus in Zea mays L. in Ukraine. Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal, 83: 58-66. Go to original source...
    135. Snihur H., Petrenko S., Kot T., Shevchenko O., Polischuk V. (2018): Widespread viral diseases endangering cereal crops in Ukraine. Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal, 80: 103-114. Go to original source...
    136. Snihur H., Pozhylov I., Budzanivska I., Shevchenko O. (2020): First report of high plains wheat mosaic virus on different hosts in Ukraine. Journal of Plant Pathology, 102: 545-546. Go to original source...
    137. Snihur H., Shevchenko O. (2013): Diagnostics of seed-borne cereal viruses in agriecosystems of Ukraine. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Series "Biology", 3: 77-80.
    138. Stacie-Smith R., Hamilton R.I. (1988): Inoculum thresholds of seedborne pathogens. Phytopathology, 78: 875-880. Go to original source...
    139. Tatineni S., Alexander J., Qu F. (2022): Differential synergistic interactions among four different wheat-infecting viruses. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12. Go to original source...
    140. Tatineni S., Hein G.L. (2021): High Plains wheat mosaic virus: an enigmatic disease of wheat and corn causing the high plains disease. Molecular Plant Pathology, 22: 1167-1179. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    141. Tatineni S., Mondal S., Wegulo S.N., Hein G.L. (2025): Triticum mosaic virus: An overview of biology, functional genomics, gene expression vector, and management strategies. Virology, 603: 110377. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    142. Thongmeearkom P., Ford R.E., Jedlinski H. (1976): Aphid transmission of maize dwarf mosaic virus strains. Phytopathology, 66: 332-335. Go to original source...
    143. Timian R.G. (1974): The range of symbiosis of barley and barley stripe mosaic virus. Phytopathology, 64: 342-345. Go to original source...
    144. Toler R.W. (1985): Maize dwarf mosaic, the most important virus disease of sorghum. Plant Disease, 69: 1011. Go to original source...
    145. Trzmiel K, Jezewska M. (2008): Identification of maize dwarf mosaic virus in maize in Poland. Plant Disease, 92: 981. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    146. Trzmiel K., Szydło W. (2012): Occurrence and characteristic of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) in maize in Poland. Progress in Plant Protection, 52: 707-713. (in Polish)
    147. Tsai J.H., Brown L.G. (1989): Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus; Plant Pathology Circular No. 320; Division of Plant Industry: Gainesville: 800318.
    148. Tu J.C., Ford R.E. (1971): Factors affecting aphid transmission of maize dwarf mosaic virus to corn. Phytopathology, 61: 1516-1521. Go to original source...
    149. Viswanathan R., Balamuralikrishnan M. (2005): Impact of mosaic infection on growth and yield of sugarcane. Sugar Technology, 7: 61-65. Go to original source...
    150. Viswanathan R., Parameswari B., Nithya K. (2018): Molecular characterisation of sugarcane viruses and their diagnostics. In: Prasad R., Gill S.S., Tuteja N. (eds): Crop Improvement Through Microbial Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam: 496. Go to original source...
    151. Vlasova Т., Snihur H., Shevchenko Т. (2024): Diversity of viruses infecting Zea mays L. in Ukraine. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Series "Biology", 97: 10-15. Go to original source...
    152. Wang D., Maule A.J. (1994): A model for seed transmission of a plant virus: genetic and structural analyses of pea embryo invasion by pea seed-borne mosaic virus. Plant Cell, 6: 777-787. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    153. Wang D., Macfarlane S.A., Maule A.J. (1997): Viral determinants of pea early browning virus seed transmission in pea. Virology, 234: 112-117. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    154. Williams L.E., Findley W.R., Dollinger E.J., Ritter R.M. (1968): Seed transmission studies of maize dwarf mosaic virus in corn. Plant Disease Report, 52: 863-864.
    155. Wu L., Zu X., Wang S., Chen Y. (2012): Sugarcane mosaic virus - Long history but still a threat to industry. Crop Protection, 42: 74-78. Go to original source...
    156. Xie Y., Nachappa P., Nalam V., Pearce S. (2022): Genomic and molecular characterisation of wheat streak mosaic virus resistance Locus 2 (Wsm2) in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 1: 928949. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    157. Xu H-M., He E-Q., Yang Z-L., Bi Z-W., Bao W-Q., Sun S-R., Lu J-J., Gao S-J. (2023): Phylogeny and genetic divergence among Sorghum mosaic virus isolates infecting sugarcane. Plants, 12: 3759. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content