Plant Protection Science, 2009 (vol. 45), Special Issue
Foreword
R. Pokorný, A. Lebeda
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S1-S2 | DOI: 10.17221/2830-PPS 
Climate change and its possible influence on the occurrence and importance of insect pests
Zdeněk Laštůvka
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S53-S62 | DOI: 10.17221/2829-PPS
Insect pests, as widely tolerant and adaptable organisms, may be less distinctly affected by climate change than other insect species. The changing climate may affect the occurrence and impact of the native pests both negatively and positively (increased importance of thermophilous and xerophilous species and decreased importance of psychrophilous ones, noxious abundances of several species also in higher altitudes, decrease of many pests by frost-free winters, low humidity, weather extremes, increased numbers of antagonists, and phenological discrepancy with the host plant). Expansions of new pests into the territory of the Czech Republic, caused...
Impact of climate change on the occurrence and activity of harmful organisms
Eva Kocmánková, Miroslav Trnka, Jan Juroch, Martin Dubrovský, Daniela Semerádová, Martin Možný, Zdeněk Žalud
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S48-S52 | DOI: 10.17221/2835-PPS
Climate conditions exert a significant influence over the spreading, life cycle duration, infestation pressure and the overall occurrence of majority of agricultural pests and diseases. Recently there is paid a big attention to possible climate change and its impacts resulting the threat to the controlled agro ecosystems. In the context of actual climate change there is likely the shift in the occurrence of some pests and diseases and at the same time also the change of the spectrum of harmful organisms. Direct results of the effect of higher temperatures on the pests' lifecycle can involve the acceleration of pests' development due to the faster achieving...
Long-lasting changes in the species spectrum of cucurbit powdery mildew in the Czech Republic - influence of air temperature changes or random effect?
Aleš Lebeda, Božena Sedláková, Eva Křístková, Miroslav Vysoudil
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S41-S47 | DOI: 10.17221/2807-PPS
Two ectoparasite powdery mildew species Golovinomyces cichoracearum (Gc) and Podosphaera xanthii (Px) occurring on cucurbits differ, besides other characteristics, by specific ecologic requirements. While Px is common in subtropical and tropical areas and greenhouse crops, Gc occurs more frequently in temperate and cooler areas under field conditions. Their presence on cucurbit field crops (Cucurbita pepo, C. maxima, Cucumis sativus) was monitored in the Czechoslovakia (1979-1980) and in the Czech Republic (1995-2007). Their identification was carried out by microscopic...
Will climatic changes enhance the risk of Tilletia indica in Europe?
Veronika Dumalasová, Pavel Bartoš
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S38-S40 | DOI: 10.17221/2836-PPS
The losses caused by T. indica consist mainly in losses of export markets, in costs of quarantine precautions, control and treatment of the infected grain. These reasons were satisfactory for implementation of plant quarantine precautions against T. indica in the countries of the European Union. However, all the known records of T. indica from the field fall to regions of arid or semiarid climate with mild to cold winter and a hot summer, altogether with a small amount of rainfall. At present, the important requirement of critical amount of the viable nongerminated teliospores at the time period suitable for infection and...
Prediction model for deoxynivalenol in wheat grain based on weather conditions
Marie Váňová, Karel Klem, Pavel Matušinský, Miroslav Trnka
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S33-S37 | DOI: 10.17221/2834-PPS
Environmental factors influence the growth, survival, dissemination and hence the incidence of Fusarium fungi and the disease severity. The knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative effects of environmental factors and growing practices on initial infection, disease development and mycotoxin production is important for prediction of disease severity, yield impact and grain contamination with mycotoxins. The objective of this study was to design a model for prediction of deoxynivalenol (DON) content in winter wheat grain based on weather conditions, preceding crop and soil cultivation. The grain samples from winter wheat field experiments...
Preparing for changes in plant disease due to climate change
Michael Warren Shaw
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S3-S10 | DOI: 10.17221/2831-PPS
Climate change will change patterns of disease through changes in host distribution and phenology, changes in plant-associated microflora and direct biological effects on rapidly evolving pathogens. Short-term forecast models coupled with weather generated from climate simulations may be a basis for projection; however, they will often fail to capture long-term trends effectively. Verification of predictions is a major difficulty; the most convincing method would be to "back-forecast" observed historical changes. Unfortunately, we lack of empirical data over long time-spans; most of what is known concerns invasions, in which climate is not the main...
Potential impact of climate change on geographic distribution of plant pathogenic bacteria in Central Europe
Václav Kůdela
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S27-S32 | DOI: 10.17221/2832-PPS
This review provides an overview of variety of bacterial plant pathogens which can serve as an example of how plant pathogenic bacteria can adapt very specifically to anticipated climate change in Central Europe. In the centre of attention are the themes such as: emerging of heat-loving bacteria; changes in the spectrum of pectolytic bacteria; an decrease of the frequency of occurrence of cold tolerant pseudomonads and an increase of more thermophilic xanthomonads; increased risk of xylem-limited bacteria which overwinter in insect vectors; reduced risk of damage of stone fruit trees by ice nucleation active pseudomonads and subsequent winter freeze...
Influence of climate changes in the Czech Republic on the distribution of plant viruses and phytoplasmas originally from the mediterranean subtropical region
Jaroslav Polák
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S20-S26 | DOI: 10.17221/2806-PPS
Results of research aiming at monitoring of climate changes impact on plant pathogens distribution such as Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), quarantine Plum pox virus (PPV) and quarantine phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) are presented here. ZYMV has spread from Northern Italy across Austria up to Central Moravia and Bohemia. PPV has been continuously spreading from the lowlands of Central Bohemia and Moravia up to plains. Later, from the sixties and seventies of the last century, due to climate warming and human activities the virus quickly spread to uplands, foothills and mountains of the Czech Republic. Phytoplasma...
Climate change impacts on selected aspects of the Czech agricultural production
Zdeněk Žalud, Miroslav Trnka, Martin Dubrovský, Petr Hlavinka, Daniela Semerádová, Eva Kocmánková
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S11-S19 | DOI: 10.17221/2833-PPS
The article outlines the relationship between meteorological variables and the parts of an agroecosystem which might be significantly influenced by climate change in the Czech Republic. It describes the most often applied scenarios under which projections of changes in meteorological variables up to the year 2050 and their impacts on winter wheat and spring barley yields can be made. It outlines the probable impacts of drought as the most significant hydrometeorological extreme in field production. Finally, case-studies are presented of predicted changes in occurrence of European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and predicted changes location...
Changes in weed species spectrum of perennial weeds on arable land, meadows and pastures
Jan Mikulka, Marta Korčáková, Věra Burešová, Jiří Andr
Plant Protect. Sci., 2009, 45(10):S63-S66 | DOI: 10.17221/2805-PPS
Occurrence of selected perennial weeds has been monitored at control sites across the Czech Republic since 1989, and trends of their occurrence have been evaluated. The monitoring has been aimed mainly at Cirsium arvense (L.) SCOP, Sonchus arvensis L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Stachys palustris L., Bolboschoenus planiculmis, Bolboschoenus laticarpus, and Elytrigia repens (L.) NEV. on arable land and Taraxacum officinale L.A. on pastures and meadows. High increase in the frequency of occurrence of C. arvense and E. repens was found out in the mid-nineties while the...