Plant Protect. Sci., 2012, 48(3):123-131 | DOI: 10.17221/59/2011-PPS

Effects of Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas on Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Allan Balfour, Ayub Khan
Department of Life Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies

The preponderance of susceptible sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock has facilitated the spread of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in Trinidad and Tobago. CTV is transmitted by the brown citrus aphid Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), which establishes large colonies on new flushes of citrus plants. As the colonies become highly populated, winged (alate) aphids are produced which can migrate to uninfected neighbouring citrus trees and hence transmit CTV. In the present study different concentrations of the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii (Zimm) Viegas in water-based formulations were applied to T. citricida and the pathogenic effects were analysed. Bioassays were also conducted on the major parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson to test the pathogenic effects of V. lecanii on mortality and the percent emergence from mummies. The LC50 values for T. citricida and L. testaceipes were 2.26 × 1010 spores/ml and 1.09 × 109 spores/ml, respectively. Statistical analyses indicated that there was no significant difference between the two LC50 values. At the highest concentration (1.49 × 109 spores/ml) percent mortality peaked at 78.9% after 12 days and 1.95 × 109 spores/ml, mortality of L. testaceipes reached 95.1% after 6 days. Emergence of L. testaceipes at the highest concentration of 1.95 × 109 spores/ml was 57.8%.

Keywords: brown citrus aphid; alate aphids; entomopathogenic fungus; natural enemy; mummies

Published: September 30, 2012  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Balfour A, Khan A. Effects of Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas on Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Plant Protect. Sci. 2012;48(3):123-131. doi: 10.17221/59/2011-PPS.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Aubert B., Etienne J., Cottin R., Leclant F., van Cao P., Vuillaume C., Jaramillo C., Barbeau G. (1992): Citrus tristeza disease a new threat for the Caribbean basin. Report of a survey to Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad. Fruits, 47: 393-404.
    2. Aziz C., Khan A. (2008): Population parameters for Lysiphlebus testaceipes on Toxoptera citricida. Insect Environment, 14: 103- 106
    3. Etienne J., Martinez M., Alam M. (1994): Toxoptera citricidus in Jamaica: New record for the Caribbean (Homoptera: Aphididae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie, 10: 374.
    4. Fasulo T.R., Halbert S.E. (2009): Aphid Pests of Florida Citrus. University of Florida IFAS Extension Service, Publication No. ENY811, Florida.
    5. Hansen L.S., Steenberg T. (2007): Combining larval parasitoids and an entomopathogenic fungus for biological control of Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in stored grain. Biological Control, 40: 237-242. Go to original source...
    6. Leclant F., Etienne J., Aubert B. (1992): A warning against tristeza in citrus orchards. Aphid vector Toxoptera citricida invasion in the Caribbean. Phytoma, 440: 32-34.
    7. Lee R.F., Rocha-Peña M.A. (1992): Citrus tristeza virus. In: Mukhopadhyay A.N., Chaube H.S., Kumar J., Singh U.S. (eds): Plant Diseases of International Importance. Volume III. Prentice Hall, New Jersey: 226-249.
    8. Metcalf R.L. (1972): A model ecosystem for the evaluation of pesticide biodegradability and ecological magnification. Outlook on Agriculture, 7: 55-59. Go to original source...
    9. Michaud J.P. (1998): A review of the literature on Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Homoptera:Aphididae). Florida Entomologist, 81: 37-61. Go to original source...
    10. Pickett C.H., Hawkins S., Pehrson J.E., O'Connell N.V. (1992): Irrigation practices, herbicide use and groundwater contamination in citrus production: a case study in California. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 41: 1-17. Go to original source...
    11. Poprawski T.J., Parker P.E., Tsai J.H. (1999): Laboratory and field evaluation of hypomycete insect pathogenic fungi for control of the brown citrus aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology, 28: 315-321. Go to original source...
    12. Rakshi M., Pakdel A.K., Allahyari H., van Alphen J.J.M. (2009): Interactions among the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), the parasitoids, Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Biological Control, 50: 324-328. Go to original source...
    13. Rondón A., Arnal E., Godoy F. (1981): Behaviour of Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas, a pathogen of the aphid Toxoptera citricidus (Kirk.) in citrus plantations in Venezuela. Agronomía Tropical, 30: 201-212
    14. Shevale B.S., Ajiri D.S., Bhore D.P., Kadam D.B. (1987): Studies on relative efficacy of certain insecticides against citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy). Pestology, 11: 9-10.
    15. Stary P., Lyon J.P., Leclant F. (1988): Biocontrol of aphids by the introduced Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) (Hymenoptera:Aphidiidae) in Mediterranean France. Journal of Applied Entomology, 105: 74-87. Go to original source...
    16. Tao C.C., Wu K.C. (1969): Studies on bark treatment against citrus insects. Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan, 11: 143- 149.
    17. van Lenteren J.C. (1987): Evaluating the effectiveness of natural enemies In: Niemczyk E., Dixon A.F.G. (eds): Ecology and Effectiveness of Aphidophaga. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague: 175-181.
    18. Yokomi R.K. (2009): The brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida. Options Méditerranéennes B, 65: 35-46.
    19. Yokomi R.K., Tang Y.Q. (1995): Host preference and suitability of two aphelinid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on citrus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88: 840-845. Go to original source...
    20. Yokomi R.K., Tang Y.Q. (1996): A survey of parasitoids of brown citrus aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Puerto Rico. Biological Control, 6: 222-225. Go to original source...
    21. Yokomi R.K., Lastra R., Stoetzel M.B., Damsteegt V.D., Lee R.F., Garnsey S.M., Gottwald T.R., RochaPeña M.A., Niblett C.L. (1994): Establishment of the brown citrus aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in CentralAmerica and the Caribbean basin and transmission of Citrus tristeza virus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87: 1078-1085. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content